Charlemagne was condemned in 1920 and later sold for scrap in 1923.
The ship was stricken from the naval register in 1918. Charlemagne briefly served as a flagship before she was converted into a depot ship in mid-1917 and was partially disarmed later that year. The ship was transferred later that year to the squadron assigned to prevent any interference by the Greeks with Allied operations on the Salonica front. In 1915, she joined British ships in bombarding Ottoman fortifications. Charlemagne was ordered to the Dardanelles in November to guard against a sortie into the Mediterranean by the ex-German Ottoman battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim. When World War I began in August 1914, she escorted Allied troop convoys in the Mediterranean for the first three months.
Charlemagne and her sister ships rejoined the Northern Squadron in 1909 and the obsolete battleship became a gunnery training ship in 1913. Twice the ship participated in the occupation of the port of Mytilene on the island of Lesbos, then owned by the Ottoman Empire, once as part of a French expedition and another as part of an international squadron. The battleship was initially assigned to the Northern Squadron ( Escadre du Nord) and was not transferred to the Mediterranean Squadron ( Escadre de la Méditerranée) until 1900. Completed in 1899, she spent the bulk of her career in the Mediterranean Sea. The book also overturns many assumptions about the era, especially the perception that the navy was weak, and clearly shows that the 1870s and early 1880s brought in crucial technological developments that made the Dreadnought possible.11,415 t (11,235 long tons) (normal load)ģ shafts, 3 triple-expansion steam enginesĤ,000 miles (3,480 nmi) at 10 knots (19 km/h 12 mph)Ĭharlemagne was a predreadnought battleship built for the French Navy in the mid-1890s, the name ship of her class.
It starts with the Great Near East crisis of 1878 and shows how itsaftermath in the Carnarvon Commission and its evidence produced a profound shift in strategic thinking, culminating in the Naval Defence Act of 1889 this evidence, from the ship owners, provides the definitive explanation of whythe Victorian Navy gave up on convoy as the primary means of trade protection in wartime, a fundamental question at the time. In purely naval terms, the period from 1889 to 1906 is often referred to (and indeed passed over) as the `pre-Dreadnought era', merely a prelude to the lead-up to the First World War, and thus of relatively little importance it has therefore received little consideration from historians, a gap which this book remedies by reviewing the late Victorian Navy from a radically new perspective. A reappraisal of the late Victorian Navy, the so-called `Dark Ages', showing how the period was crucial to the emergence of new technology defined by steel and electricity.
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